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Shivi Forensics
INTRODUCTION & MISSION
Founding and Purpose :- The CIA was established in 1947 ( 18th September) under the National Security Act. Its primary mission is to gather and analyze intelligence for national security purposes.
Headquarters -: George Bush Center for Intelligence, Langley, Virginia, U.S.
CORE FUNCTIONS
As of 2013, the CIA had five priorities:
● Intelligence gathering (espionage)
● Covert operations
● CounterintelligenceAnalysis
● Dissemination of information to policymakers
● Nonproliferation of weapons of mass destruction
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
The CIA has an executive office and five major directorates:
- The Directorate of Digital Innovation
- The Directorate of Analysis
- The Directorate of Operations
- The Directorate of Support
- The Directorate of Science and Technology.
William J. Burns, the current Director of the. Central Intelligence Agency
- Executive Office -: The director of the Central Intelligence Agency (D/CIA) is appointed by the president with Senate confirmation and reports directly to the director of national intelligence (DNI).
- Directorate of Analysis -: Helps the President and other policymakers to make informed decisions about our country's national security.
- Directorate of Operations -: Responsible for collecting foreign intelligence .
- Directorate of Science & Technology -: was established to research, create, and manage technical collection disciplines and equipment.
- Directorate of Support -: The Directorate of Support has organizational and administrative functions to significant units.
- Directorate of Digital Innovation -: Focuses on accelerating innovation across the Agency's mission activities.
LEGAL FRAMEWORK
The legal framework that governs the CIA sets out the rules ,authorities and limitations within which the agency operates. Few key component are -:
- National Security Act of 1947: Created CIA with responsibilities to gather and process intelligence from other countries and at the same time restricted from undertaking operations within the US.
- CIA Act of 1949: Granted CIA functional versatility so that the organization could have secret budgets and ensure that all subordinates and operations remained anonymous.
- Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) of 1978: Requires the CIA to obtain a warrant for spying inside the U.S. This law was to ensure a regulatory approval of the intelligence agencies’ domestic espionage.
- Executive Order (1981): Defines the CIA’s roles in intelligence gathering, covert operations, and sets guidelines for respecting civil liberties.
- Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act (2004): Established the Director of National Intelligence (DNI) to supervise the CIA and other agencies, to share information after the 9/11 event.
PROHIBITION
Ban on Assassination:
Order 11905, 1976: Bans the CIA from performing political murders. This prohibition was reaffirmed during the Ronald Reagan administration by Executive Order 12333 in the year 1981.
Prohibition on Torture:
Detainee Treatment Act (2005): Outlaws the use of torture besides other forms of inhuman treatments when questioning detainees.
Executive Order 13491 (2009): Prohibit methods that are considered torture such as waterboarding and requires compliance with the U.S. Army Field Manual that also bans torture.
No Domestic Operations:
National Security Act of 1947: Prohibits the CIA from involving in domestic security and policing in the United States in any way.
LIMITATIONS
FISA Warrant Requirement:
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) of 1978: The law that required the CIA to acquire a warrant for surveillance of people within the United States or Dearborn entities thus providing for legal enshrinement of Domestic Intelligence activity.
Presidential Authorization for Covert Actions:When engaging in covert operations, CIA needs a written permission from the President in the form of presidential finding and notify the Congress even though some details can be redacted to protect the national security interests.
CONTROVERSIES
- Throughout its history, the CIA has been the subject of numerous controversies, both at home and abroad.
- The CIA was associated with Iran-Contra Affair in which missiles were supplied to the Iran government in exchange for hostages and the profits from selling the weapons were used to fund contras in Nicaragua that CIA was assisting.
- Another source of controversy has been the involvement of CIA in Operation Condor which was covert campaign of repression and state terror consisting of intelligence operations, CIA-sponsored coups and assassination of Leaders in South America from 1968 to 1989. It is established that up to 80 000 people were killed by the time the Operation was brought to a halt in 1989.
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