Written By
Ashish Kumar
Volunteer, Shivi Forensics
Introduction
In law, cases are mainly divided into two large categories: civil cases and criminal cases, but there are several other special types that come under different laws and courts. Each type of case deals with a different kind of dispute, wrongdoing, or legal violation.
1. Civil Cases
Civil cases deal with disputes between individuals or organizations where no criminal offence is involved. Their purpose is to provide compensation, settle disputes, or enforce rights.
Common examples:
• Property disputes
• Land and tenancy disputes
• Breach of contract
• Divorce, maintenance, and child custody
• Money recovery cases
2. Criminal Cases
Criminal cases are filed when someone commits an offence against society or the State. These involve police investigation, chargesheet, and trial.
Examples:
• Murder (IPC 302)
• Rape (IPC 376)
• Theft, robbery, dacoity
• Fraud, forgery, cheating, Cyber Cases
Criminal cases may result in fine, imprisonment, or death penalty depending on the offence.
3. Constitutional Cases
These cases deal with the violation or interpretation of the Constitution.
Examples:
• Fundamental rights violation
• Reservation issues
• Citizenship matters
• Election disputes
• Power conflict between Centre and State
Such cases are heard mostly in High Courts and the Supreme Court.
4. Family Law Cases
Family courts handle cases related to marriage and family relationships.
Includes:
• Marriage disputes
• Divorce
• Child custody
• Maintenance under Section 125 CrPC
• Adoption
• Domestic violence (civil remedies)
5. Taxation Cases
These cases involve disputes regarding tax laws.
Includes:
• Income tax
• GST
• Customs and excise matters
Such cases may go to tribunals like ITAT, CESTAT, before reaching courts.
6. Labour and Employment Cases
Labour courts and industrial tribunals handle issues like:
• Wrongful termination
• Salary disputes
• Compensation for injuries
• Labour union issues
7. Consumer Cases
These cases involve cheating, poor quality products, or service deficiency.
Filed under:
• District Consumer Forum
• State Consumer Commission
• National Consumer Commission
8. Cyber Law Cases
Includes crimes committed using computers or the internet:
• Hacking
• Online fraud
• Identity theft
• Cyberbullying
• Data theft
These are handled under the IT Act 2000 along with IPC sections.
9. Special Acts and Tribunal Cases
Some cases go to special courts or tribunals created for faster justice.
Examples:
• NDPS (drug) cases
• POCSO (child abuse) cases
• SC/ST Atrocities cases
• Motor Accident Claims Tribunal (MACT)
• Juvenile Justice Board
• NIA Court (terrorism cases)
• CBI Court
• Fast Track Courts
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